129742938792968750_83Of enterprises in the late Qing dynasty system, everyone is corrupt, or at least they are looking for opportunities for corruption, but everyone is shouting anti-corruption.
Anti-corruption in officialdom and effective tool to clean up political opponents and competitors on the Mall, and that's it. At the end of Qing dynasty, the most famous of Japan spy zongfangxiaotailang told the Emperor: corruption in China is not a corruption of officialdom,But everyone's corrupt. He said in the report: National People's Assembly, is the country of the people "elements", "element" is corruption, national independence and strong? There is no contract and the rule of the spirit, by hook or by crook, the winner is King, all harm others, everyone is complaining about and by others damage of sth This is the jungle eco-late Qing dynasty under the power of capitalism. About the State-owned StateEnterprise and "official supervision commercial" Enterprise corruption, has long been a target of mainstream historians were denounced. On this phenomenon, mainstream historians tend to hit the Board in "official" who seems to be the "official" bullying "". But in fact, merchant is one of such enterprises, most executives, regardless of their prior was born in the officialdom is also shopping malls, today is the integration of Government identityThere is no essential difference.
Fights between them, just between the vested interests of "dog bite dog" scrimmage, not simplify history and later historians came to the so-called "official" and "business" the two camps, and even the so-called "fall into" sort of struggle. State Enterprise "dog bite dog" thinker Zheng guanying has at the same time head of the investment promotion Bureau of machine weaving, telegrams, ships threeCompany General Manager positions. We are works of his have been moved, but the study of the fine he may not. Eve of the Sino-French war, Shanghai was France fleet of threats, the market changinghis, stock below 1002 denomination machine weaving, analysis down to 702, and eventually disappeared from the declared price bulletin. By Zheng guanying machine weaving preparationHaven't finished start preparing. Jianshibumiao Zheng guanying, and quickly leave, successfully persuaded the Xiang army name, Guangdong Province Minister of Defense Peng Yulin, he was transferred to Guangdong in organization name, anti-war front line service. Successor is Jing Zheng young man, after buying Consortium did not seize the time to work on starts, but hard to trace the former Cheng Gong Shoutu, misappropriation of public funds "evidence". Gong isForcing anxious, turn one ' s weapon around and strike, shake out of Zheng guanying used public funds to stocks, "profit, damages will be turned over to the collective" scandal.
Some of them got into a scuffle, he ended up cutting 20,002 to get away. Investment Promotion Bureau of ships at that time too, Liu Kun and Li Hongzhang had been hardened to the stage. In 1877, the ship merchants formal annexation of the US flag Chang steamship company, whichIs China's "commercial war" made in glorious victory for the first time, so Chang Siqing Chen Lanbin of the Minister, later became China's first Ambassador to the United States increased this to "the overall situation of Sino-foreign key" level. Discipline inspection and supervision cadres soon found, however, in this round of scenes have a lot of successful mergers and acquisitions Maoni. According to Imperial Academy Chamberlain said reports of Wang Xianqian
rs items for sale, conspiracy was behind the scenes: a, mergers and acquisitionsMotion prior to submission, General Manager of China merchants ("total") Tang tingshu to compensate for losses from the Beiyang application 500,002 financial subsidies, all flag Chang used to buy stocks. This is typical of insider trading, clean up, such as Tang tingshu; second, merchants superior, Minister of Beiyang Li Hongzhang, head of mergers and acquisitions is not active, because it can mobilize funds on hand areLimited.
At this time, "the Office" and "du" representatives personally came forward to Sheng Xuanhuai, lobbied the Viceroy of Liangjiang and Nanyang Shen Baozhen, "paradox words incite", said the hype, actually get public money from Shen millions as merger and acquisition funds; and in the mergers and acquisitions process, merchants from us access to a large number of senior rebate ("gold"). Wang Xianqian and charges, investmentAlready insolvency grim situation occurs, is imperative to seriously investigate and deal with merchants of leading cadres, "Tang tingshu, Sheng Xuanhuai Dendroctonus Valens in State Treasury public, by calendar year, is still secretly complex string, do whatever they like. If allowed to escape, it is not law ". Wang Xianqian pointed out that Li Hongzhang recently has been playing upon the Central, plans to invest in China merchants more than 1.9 million of State funds,5 years, and merchants will be completely transformed into the private sector, "owned and not owned by the Crown".
Wang Xianqian warning, which will give merchants more out of the largest state-owned enterprises, resulting in great loss of State-owned assets. Wang Xianqian Liu Kunyi's killer, and when Central when Liu Kun this thorough investigation was ordered, he excuses such as Tang tingshu, Xu run's people, because their incomeUnder his account, while the loyalists of Li Hong-Zhang Sheng Xuanhuai relentlessly beat the dog in the water.
Original with Li Hongzhang faction such as Tang tingshu, Xu run 's, for the benefit of their own misfortunes
buy runescape items, get rid of Sheng Xuanhuai. Many years later, Sheng Xuanhuai in Li Hongzhang's comeback, with the support of, first of all is the inventory such as Tang tingshu, Xu run's corruption problem, actually found two large amounts of misappropriation of public funds for their friedEvidence of stocks and property real estate. Li Hong-Zhang's personal approval "double".
This directly lead to the Xu run's money chain is broken, had to jump from King of the beach real estate prices to sell their real estate, almost bankrupt. Board for the year very bluntly criticized merchants advanced wave upon wave of corruption. In a report to the Central, hubu brilliantly pointed out that, from the merchantsAs can be seen in the case: "the so-called economic rights, not in, not in, rests with the squeeze of the gentry.
"" Gentry "is responsible for the management of enterprise" businessmen ", in big dig country laid with shareholders, they have no difference. United States renowned sinologist Fairbank edited the Cambridge history of late Qing said: "as long as the company and the company managers of funds appropriated for private use without askingQuestions, this class can be used as part of the business of investment risk tolerance. And Chinese officials in the name of private use or misuse of revenues rather similar. "Similar phenomena across the various systems of enterprises, throughout the whole of society. Everyone is corrupt, or at least they are looking for opportunities for corruption, but everyone is shouting anti-corruption. Anti-corruption in officialdom and shopping mallsPack on effective tools of political opponents and rivals, and that's it. Du commercial systems have a feature was later widely criticized, was to forfeit to the Government "to serve", which is sponsored by donations. Some private companies have to pay "to serve", enterprises especially need special licenses, such as the gambling industry in Guangdong, but pay "serve" mainly with officialClose to the "official supervision commercial" business. This "serving" is actually a special tax, Government funds and special policy inputs in the enterprise, collect "serve", there is capital rights. Problem is that the "serving" than the tax has the flexibility, implementation is free and provides room for rent for party officials. The Qing Government's economic managementInstitutionalized arrangements of a problem is the lack of serious, if this kind of universal "serve" into the tax system, the problem would be a lot less, rent space officials will also reduce the difficulty and cost, rent increases. Foreign enterprise "hidden rules" generally believed that foreign regulatory mechanisms maybe better that corruption may have, it's easy to overlook this contract and is based on the rule of lawSpirit.
Foreign enterprise's internal governance is more perfect, but after all you want to do business in China, "outreach" that block out the mud without dye. Foreign corruption of the Qing State, mainly reflected in the corrupt comprador. Foreign companies employing comprador is a Chinese characteristics of non-compulsory institutional arrangement, comprador role similar to today's "representative", but not employees of foreign companiesIs the partner. According to expert research, comprador, the average annual salary is about when 10,002 in late Qing dynasty, this is a very high salary. General civilian family annual income of about 52 silver day mandarins salary only 1802-of course, grey and black except for the income. 12 money at that time, almost the equivalent of 200 Yuan, to infer, compradorThe average annual salary of 200,000 yuan. In addition, the compradors were also 5~6 times the yearly salary you want to extract the Office allowances, which is equivalent to more than 1 million RMB.
This money cannot be fully into their personal income, because he had to pay his Office's operations, employing clerical assistant-despite the fact that many foreign companies, such as bear 1~2 a comprador Assistant wages. Greater works than theseIncome is the compradors were drawn from each of the import and export trade volume 1%~3% Commission, up to a maximum of 5%. Margins on many industry today are unable to reach 5%, comprador go flip could be achieved. More substantial revenue is merchandisers rely on information asymmetry and implementation of price-gouging
cheap runescape items, such as acquisitions, such as tea, selling opium and arms, you never know what teaReal prices, do not know the actual sale price of opium and arms.
Also, foreign companies must also meet him to make false accounts, such as in the arms trade is often "the hat", the equivalent of today's false invoicing. In General, the comprador often higher than the income of foreign companies and even twice times higher. A foreign tax division of the Customs feeling at that time: "finished as comprador of the employerWhen the egg, merchandisers are often make a fortune.
"The typical" poor rich Temple Abbot "and can't make comprador ' appetites are met, diversion of ocean line money for doing business," wearing someone else's shoes, go your own way ", almost a comprador etiquette, seemingly strong foreign investment in such rules only bow before default. We say modern imperialismChina s economic aggression, but when we see a number of "imperialist" elements in fact earned no comprador for quite some time, Chinese people feel proud about? Is this imperialist working for Merchandisers, also is the comprador for imperialism to work? In fact, almost into China from foreign weapons, some foreign leather company-funded enterprises in China "hang"The opportunity to charge, share" foreign "under the profit and tax savings, and had a good, this is another corruption of foreign companies. By today's standards, foreign bribery in the largest corruption of the Qing State is company. Very typical are the Rothschild (Rothchild) family-controlled "company" (Peking sYndicate), no foreign capital entering into the Qing State resources in the field of energy, actually got the coal mining of Shanxi and Henan range as high as 21,000 square miles, was expected at up to 900 billion tons of coal reserves, United Kingdom newspaper known as the history of mankind's biggest coal mine. Henan jiaozuo coal mining is one of the enormous assets of the company. From this family ownedProvides literature, I discovered a secret letter in English, Li Hongzhang wrote to them. In this letter, Li Hongzhang was discussed "company" China General Manager candidate; the other is that he must be made to pay 4,000 pounds for shares, suggesting that Li Hongzhang before it has has an interest. And this company to enter China, bypassing the crossing at various levels to the coal mining, Li Hongzhang was helpWas very helpful. Not only Li Hongzhang, many senior officials of the central authorities, such as the celebration of Prince Yi, Su Wang Shanqi, military Minister Wang Wenshao and Shanxi and Henan officials on both sides, have received huge benefits.
Pull strings which are the middle and company comprador, the famous anti-corruption novels of the RAR author Liu detail records in a journal. Overview of foreign enterprises in China during the late Qing dynastyDevelopment is, of course, on the one hand the "imperialism" of the gunboats, the other is foreigners are advancing with the times, the Romans do, quickly mastered the way of blending Chinese characteristics, and use of natural and smooth.
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